Sorbitol (C₆H₁₄O₆)
Versatile sugar alcohol used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial applications
Overview
Sorbitol (C₆H₁₄O₆, CAS No: 50-70-4) is a sugar alcohol. It occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables but is industrially produced by hydrogenation of glucose. Available in white crystalline powder or clear liquid form.
Sorbitol is widely used as a low-calorie sweetener, humectant, and texture modifier. It is tooth-friendly and a suitable alternative for diabetics. Available in USP, BP, EP, and Food Grade pharmaceutical standards.
Applications
Sorbitol has a wide range of industrial, pharmaceutical, and commercial applications:
Food Industry (E420)
Used as a sweetener, humectant, and bulking agent in confectionery, ice cream, jams, jellies, and diabetic products. Has approximately 60% the sweetness of sugar.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Used as a sweetener in syrups, binder in tablets, base in suppositories, and humectant in toothpastes. Also used as a laxative due to its osmotic effect.
Cosmetic Industry
Used as a humectant in moisturizing creams, lotions, deodorants, and toothpastes. Maintains skin moisture balance and extends product shelf life.
Chemical Industry
Used as a polyol in polyurethane and resin production, and as a starting material in vitamin C (ascorbic acid) synthesis.
Tobacco Industry
Used as a humectant in tobacco products. Prevents drying of cigarette and cigar tobacco and improves smoke smoothness.
Textile & Paper Industry
Used as a humectant and softener. Provides flexibility in paper products and reduces static electricity in textiles.
Technical Specifications
| Property | Value | Unit | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Name | Sorbitol / D-Glucitol | - | - |
| CAS Number | 50-70-4 | - | - |
| EC No | 200-061-5 | - | - |
| Formula | C₆H₁₄O₆ | - | - |
| Molecular Weight | 182.17 | g/mol | - |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder or clear liquid | - | Visual |
| Odor | Odorless | - | - |
| Taste | Mildly sweet, cooling | - | - |
| Purity (USP/BP/EP) | ≥98.0 | % | USP/BP/EP |
| Density (20°C, 70% sol.) | 1.29 | g/cm³ | ISO 758 |
| Viscosity (20°C, 70% sol.) | 110 | mPa·s | ISO 3104 |
| Melting Point (crystal) | 92-96 | °C | ISO 6321 |
| Boiling Point (70% sol.) | 105 | °C | ISO 918 |
| pH Value (10% sol.) | 5.0-7.5 | - | ISO 1842 |
| Moisture Content (powder) | ≤1.0 | % | Karl Fischer |
| Reducing Substances (as glucose) | ≤0.3 | % | USP |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤5 | mg/kg | ISO 172 |
Safety Information
Hazard Symbols and Statements
Non-hazardous Biodegradable
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Dust mask (in high dust concentrations for powder form)
- Chemical-resistant gloves (for prolonged contact)
- Goggles (against splashes)
- Lab coat or protective clothing
Storage Conditions
- Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place
- Keep in original packaging, tightly closed
- Storage temperature: 15-25°C
- Keep away from strong oxidants
- Protect from moisture; prevent freezing in liquid form
Fire Fighting
- Combustible substance (flash point: >200°C)
- May release irritating gases when decomposed at high temperatures
- Suitable methods: Water spray, dry chemical powder, CO₂, foam
- Cool with water spray in large fires
Handling and Storage
Transportation
- Ensure containers are tightly closed
- Protect from high temperatures and direct sunlight
- Transport separately from strong oxidants
- Have absorbent material available for spills
- Use stainless steel, polyethylene, or glass containers
Storage
- Store in dry, cool, and well-ventilated areas
- Display appropriate signage in storage area
- Protect from direct sunlight
- Store on elevated shelves
- Storage temperature should not exceed 30°C
Spill Response Measures
- Evacuate exposed personnel from area
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
- Absorb spill with absorbent material (sand, clay, etc.)
- Wash spilled area with plenty of water and soap
- Dispose of waste according to local regulations
Regulatory Information
GHS Classification
- Hazard class: Non-hazardous
- Eye irritation: None
- Skin irritation: None
- Respiratory irritation: None
Important Regulations
- REACH: Registered
- FDA: GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status
- EFSA: Approved food additive (E420)
- USP, BP, EP: Compliant with pharmaceutical standards
- JECFA: Approved food additive
Compliance Certificates
- ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System
- ISO 22000:2018 Food Safety Management System
- GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice)
- USP/BP/EP Pharmacopoeia standards
- Kosher and Halal certificates available
Environmental Information
Environmental Impact
Sorbitol is readily biodegradable in aquatic environments. It may create biological oxygen demand (BOD) at high concentrations but has low toxicity. Rapidly metabolized by microorganisms in soil and water. Has no persistent harmful environmental effects.
Biodegradation
- Water: 70-90% biodegradation within 10 days
- Soil: Rapid degradation by microbial activity
- Air: Low probability of photooxidation
Waste Management
- Classified as non-hazardous waste
- Can be processed in biological treatment systems
- Controlled discharge to sewer permitted
- Consider recycling or reuse for large quantities
- Dispose according to local regulations
Frequently Asked Questions
Can sorbitol be used as a sugar substitute?
Yes, sorbitol is a low-calorie sweetener that can replace sugar. It has about 60% the sweetness of sugar and fewer calories (2.6 kcal/g vs 4 kcal/g). Widely used in diabetic and sugar-free products.
What are the side effects of sorbitol?
High amounts of sorbitol may cause gastrointestinal side effects such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea. Effects vary by individual and tolerance can develop. Daily intake should not exceed 50 grams.
What is the difference between sorbitol and xylitol?
Although both are sugar alcohols, sorbitol and xylitol have different properties. Xylitol has the same sweetness as sugar and stronger tooth-friendly properties. Sorbitol is less sweet and more economical. Both have low glycemic index.
How is sorbitol used in skincare?
Sorbitol is used as a humectant in skincare products. It maintains skin moisture balance, prevents dryness, and extends product shelf life. Commonly found in lotions, creams, and cleansers.
How should sorbitol be stored?
Sorbitol should be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry place. Protect from direct sunlight. Liquid form should not be allowed to freeze. Powder form should be protected from moisture.